PWM stands for "Pulse Width Modulation" and is a technology for the precise control of computer fan speeds. Unlike the older method, where speed was changed by reducing the voltage, a PWM fan consistently receives full voltage but in rapid pulses. The fan speed is then derived from the width, or the duration, of these pulses. Longer pulses mean higher RPM, while shorter pulses result in lower RPM. This method of regulation allows for a much wider and smoother range of speeds, including very low ones, without the risk of the fan stalling. PWM speed control is automatic. The motherboard measures the temperature of components, such as the processor, and adjusts the fan signal accordingly. Under low load, the fan spins slowly and quietly; during high performance, its speed increases to ensure adequate cooling. You can recognize PWM-supported fans and coolers by their 4-pin connector, as opposed to older 3-pin models. The fourth pin is used specifically to transmit the PWM control signal.